Merge PDFs

Merges multiple PDF files into a single PDF. Files are combined in alphanumeric order (numbers first, then alphabetical).

See the PDF Engines module configuration for engine selection flags.

Basics

POST/forms/pdfengines/merge

Headers

Gotenberg-Output-Filenamestring

The filename of the resulting file - Gotenberg automatically appends the file extension. Defaults to a random UUID filename.

Gotenberg-Tracestring

A custom request ID to identify the request in the logs; overrides the default UUID.

Form Files

filesfile[]required

PDF files to merge.

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
-o my.pdf

Responses

The merged PDF file.

Content-Disposition: attachment; filename={output-filename.pdf}
Content-Type: {content-type}
Content-Length: {content-length}
Gotenberg-Trace: {trace}
Body: {output-file}

The request had one or more invalid form fields.

Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Gotenberg-Trace: {trace}
Body: {error}

The request did not complete within the configured maximum duration.

Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Gotenberg-Trace: {trace}
Body: {error}

Structure & Metadata

Metadata (PDF Engines)

Inject XMP metadata (Author, Title, Copyright, Keywords, etc.) into the PDF as a JSON object.

Not all tags are writable. Gotenberg uses ExifTool under the hood. See the XMP Tag Name documentation for valid keys. Writing metadata usually breaks PDF/A compliance.

Form Fields

metadatajson

Writes metadata (Author, Title, etc.).

Default:None

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form 'metadata={"Author":"Julien Neuhart","Copyright":"Julien Neuhart","CreationDate":"2006-09-18T16:27:50-04:00","Creator":"Gotenberg","Keywords":["first","second"],"Marked":true,"ModDate":"2006-09-18T16:27:50-04:00","PDFVersion":1.7,"Producer":"Gotenberg","Subject":"Sample","Title":"Sample","Trapped":"Unknown"}' \
-o my.pdf

Bookmarks (PDF Engines)

Form Fields

bookmarksjson

Bookmarks to write (JSON). A list applies to the final merged PDF. A map of filename→bookmarks shifts page indexes per file before merging.

Default:None

autoIndexBookmarksboolean

Extracts existing bookmarks from input files and offsets their page numbers based on their position in the merged document.

Default:false

titleBookmarksboolean

Adds a bookmark per merged document, labeled by its Title metadata (falling back to the filename) and pointing to its first page, with the document's own bookmarks nested underneath.

Default:false

Use autoIndexBookmarks to automatically extract existing bookmarks and offset their page numbers based on position in the merged document.

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form autoIndexBookmarks=true \
-o my.pdf

Use titleBookmarks to build a table of contents from the merged documents. Gotenberg adds one bookmark per input, labeled by its Title metadata (or its filename when the title is absent), pointing to that document's first page, with the document's own bookmarks nested beneath it.

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form titleBookmarks=true \
-o my.pdf

You can also provide custom bookmarks with the bookmarks form field. When provided as a list, it is applied directly to the final merged PDF. When provided as a map of filename to bookmarks, page indexes are shifted per file before merging.

Both options work together. When autoIndexBookmarks is enabled, Gotenberg respects your custom mappings for specific files while automatically recalculating indexes for the others.

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form autoIndexBookmarks=true \
--form 'bookmarks={"1_pdf.pdf":[{"title":"Introduction","page":1,"children":[]}],"2_pdf.pdf":[{"title":"Appendix","page":1,"children":[]}]}' \
-o my.pdf

Attachments (PDF Engines)

Attach external files directly inside the PDF container. Commonly used for e-invoicing standards like ZUGFeRD / Factur-X, which require a machine-readable XML invoice as an attachment.

Provide per-attachment metadata with embedsMetadata to satisfy PDF/A-3 and Factur-X requirements: each entry sets the embedded file stream's /Subtype, writes /AFRelationship on the file specification, and references the attachment from the Document Catalog's /AF array.

Form Fields

embedsMetadatajson

Per-attachment metadata keyed by filename. Each entry accepts mimeType (written to the embedded file stream's /Subtype) and relationship (the /AFRelationship value, e.g., Source, Data, Alternative, Supplement, Unspecified). Requires a PDF engine that supports the feature (QPDF by default).

Default:None

Form Files

embedsfile[]

Embeds files into the PDF.

Default:None

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form embeds=@factur-x.xml \
--form embeds=@logo.png \
--form embedsMetadata='{"factur-x.xml":{"mimeType":"text/xml","relationship":"Alternative"},"logo.png":{"mimeType":"image/png","relationship":"Supplement"}}' \
-o my.pdf

Factur-X (PDF Engines)

Produces a Factur-X / ZUGFeRD e-invoice in one request: upload the CII invoice XML with facturxXml and set facturxConformanceLevel. Both fields are required together. Gotenberg embeds the XML into the resulting PDF and never converts or merges it like other uploaded files. Requires a PDF engine that supports the feature (QPDF by default). See PDF Engines module configuration.

See the dedicated Factur-X route for the full behavior: canonical embedding, XMP metadata, and the PDF/A-3 requirement.

Form Fields

facturxConformanceLevelenum

The Factur-X conformance level recorded in the XMP metadata. Options: MINIMUM, BASIC WL, BASIC, EN 16931, EXTENDED, XRECHNUNG.

Default:None

facturxDocumentTypeenum

The Factur-X document type. Options: INVOICE, ORDER, ORDER_RESPONSE, ORDER_CHANGE.

Default:INVOICE

facturxVersionstring

The Factur-X version recorded in the XMP metadata.

Default:1.0

Form Files

facturxXmlfile

The Factur-X CII invoice XML. Embedded as factur-x.xml regardless of the uploaded filename.

Default:None

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form facturxXml=@/path/to/factur-x.xml \
--form 'facturxConformanceLevel=EN 16931' \
-o my.pdf

Flatten (PDF Engines)

Merges all interactive form fields (text inputs, checkboxes, etc.) into the page content, making the PDF non-editable.

Form Fields

flattenboolean

Converts form fields into static content, preventing further editing.

Default:false

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form flatten=true \
-o my.pdf

Watermark (PDF Engines)

Adds a watermark behind the content of each page during post-processing. Sources: text, image, or pdf.

image and pdf sources require an uploaded watermark file. watermarkExpression cannot reference an arbitrary filesystem path; the route returns 400 Bad Request.

Repeat these fields to apply several watermarks in one request. They are applied in order, and each image or pdf watermark consumes the uploaded watermark files in order.

The watermarkOptions form field accepts a JSON object whose keys depend on the configured PDF engine:

Engine	Syntax Reference
pdfcpu (Default)	See pdfcpu watermark documentation
pdftk	See pdftk documentation

Available keys include font, points (font size), color, rotation, opacity, scale, offset, and more. Example:

{
  "font": "Helvetica",
  "points": 48,
  "color": "#808080",
  "rotation": 45,
  "opacity": 0.15
}

Check the PDF Engines module configuration to see which engine is active.

Form Fields

watermarkSourceenum

The watermark source type. Options: text, image, pdf.

watermarkExpressionstring

The watermark content. For text, the string to render. For image or pdf, the filename of the uploaded watermark file.

watermarkPagesstring

Page ranges to watermark (e.g., 1-3, 5). Empty means all pages.

watermarkOptionsjson

Advanced options in JSON format (e.g., font, color, rotation, opacity, scaling).

Form Files

watermarkfile

An image or PDF file used as watermark source (required when watermarkSource is image or pdf).

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form watermarkSource=text \
--form watermarkExpression=CONFIDENTIAL \
--form 'watermarkOptions={"opacity":0.25,"rotation":45}' \
-o my.pdf

Stamp (PDF Engines)

Adds a stamp on top of the content of each page during post-processing. Sources: text, image, or pdf.

image and pdf sources require an uploaded stamp file. stampExpression cannot reference an arbitrary filesystem path; the route returns 400 Bad Request.

Repeat these fields to apply several stamps in one request. They are applied in order, and each image or pdf stamp consumes the uploaded stamp files in order.

The stampOptions form field accepts a JSON object whose keys depend on the configured PDF engine:

Engine	Syntax Reference
pdfcpu (Default)	See pdfcpu stamp documentation
pdftk	See pdftk documentation

Available keys include font, points (font size), color, rotation, opacity, scale, offset, and more. Example:

{
  "font": "Helvetica",
  "points": 24,
  "color": "#008000",
  "rotation": 0,
  "opacity": 0.6
}

Check the PDF Engines module configuration to see which engine is active.

Form Fields

stampSourceenum

The stamp source type. Options: text, image, pdf.

stampExpressionstring

The stamp content. For text, the string to render. For image or pdf, the filename of the uploaded stamp file.

stampPagesstring

Page ranges to stamp (e.g., 1-3, 5). Empty means all pages.

stampOptionsjson

Advanced options in JSON format (e.g., font, color, rotation, opacity, scaling).

Form Files

stampfile

An image or PDF file used as stamp source (required when stampSource is image or pdf).

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form stampSource=text \
--form stampExpression=APPROVED \
--form 'stampOptions={"opacity":0.5,"rotation":0}' \
-o my.pdf

Rotate (PDF Engines)

Rotates pages by 90, 180, or 270 degrees during post-processing.

Form Fields

rotateAngleenum

The rotation angle. Options: 90, 180, 270.

rotatePagesstring

Page ranges to rotate (e.g., 1-3, 5). Empty means all pages.

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form rotateAngle=90 \
-o my.pdf

Optimize Images (PDF Engines)

Reduces the resulting file size by re-encoding its images to JPEG during post-processing. Text, vectors, fonts, and structure are left untouched.

Form Fields

optimizeImagesboolean

Re-encodes the images in the resulting PDF to reduce its file size.

Default:false

imageQualityinteger

The JPEG quality applied to each re-encoded image, between 1 and 100. Only used if optimizeImages is true.

Default:80

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form optimizeImages=true \
--form imageQuality=80 \
-o my.pdf

PDF/A & PDF/UA (PDF Engines)

Converts to PDF/A (archival) or PDF/UA (accessibility) during post-processing using LibreOffice. Slower than native conversion (requires a second pass).

PDF/A and encryption are mutually exclusive: requesting both returns 400 Bad Request. PDF/A-1b and PDF/A-2b don't support file attachments; use PDF/A-3b if you need both.

When PDF/A runs alongside other post-processing, LibreOffice overwrites CreateDate, ModDate, and Keywords. Other metadata fields are preserved.

LibreOffice rasterizes table cells that carry a background color, which costs accessibility (Tables Rasterized to Images).

Form Fields

pdfaenum

Converts to a specific PDF/A archival standard. Options: PDF/A-1b, PDF/A-2b, PDF/A-3b.

pdfuaboolean

Enables PDF/UA (Universal Accessibility) compliance.

Default:false

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form pdfa=PDF/A-1b \
--form pdfua=true \
-o my.pdf

Encryption (PDF Engines)

Set passwords and permissions to control PDF access. The user password is required to open the PDF. The owner password grants full access and lifts the permission restrictions; when empty, it defaults to the user password.

Since 8.34.0, an owner password alone produces an owner-only PDF: it opens without a password, but the document permissions apply. Permission restrictions require a userPassword or an ownerPassword, otherwise Gotenberg returns 400 Bad Request. Restrictions are advisory: viewers honor them, but they are not cryptographically enforced once the document opens.

Encryption strength (e.g., AES-256) and permission handling depend on the active PDF engine: QPDF honors each permission individually, pdfcpu restricts all permissions if any one is denied, and PDFtk supports neither owner-only encryption nor permission restrictions. See PDF Engines module configuration.

Form Fields

userPasswordstring

The password required to open the PDF.

Default:None

ownerPasswordstring

The password granting full access; lifts the permission restrictions. Defaults to the user password.

Default:None

allowPrintingboolean

Permits printing the document.

Default:true

allowCopyingboolean

Permits extracting text and graphics.

Default:true

allowModifyingboolean

Permits changing the document content.

Default:true

allowAnnotatingboolean

Permits adding or modifying annotations.

Default:true

allowFillingFormsboolean

Permits filling in form fields.

Default:true

allowAssemblingboolean

Permits inserting, deleting, and rotating pages.

Default:true

Example Request

cURL
curl \
--request POST http://localhost:3000/forms/pdfengines/merge \
--form files=@/path/to/1_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/2_pdf.pdf \
--form files=@/path/to/3_pdf.pdf \
--form userPassword=my_user_password \
--form ownerPassword=my_owner_password \
--form allowCopying=false \
-o my.pdf

What's Next?

Break files apart with Split, or produce archival files with PDF/A & PDF/UA.

Basics​

Structure & Metadata​

Metadata (PDF Engines)​

Bookmarks (PDF Engines)​

Attachments (PDF Engines)​

Factur-X (PDF Engines)​

Flatten (PDF Engines)​

Watermark (PDF Engines)​

Stamp (PDF Engines)​

Rotate (PDF Engines)​

Optimize Images (PDF Engines)​

PDF/A & PDF/UA (PDF Engines)​

Encryption (PDF Engines)​

What's Next?​

Basics

Structure & Metadata

Metadata (PDF Engines)

Bookmarks (PDF Engines)

Attachments (PDF Engines)

Factur-X (PDF Engines)

Flatten (PDF Engines)

Watermark (PDF Engines)

Stamp (PDF Engines)

Rotate (PDF Engines)

Optimize Images (PDF Engines)

PDF/A & PDF/UA (PDF Engines)

Encryption (PDF Engines)

What's Next?